I don’t work with the Git that often, so decided to refresh my knowledge by making this post for reference.
A merge conflict occurs when two people attempt to change a file in a ways that conflict with each other (same lines of the code).
We will create a new repository on GitHub and use it for further testing:
Note the HTTPS url for cloning the repository:
Now it’s time to get this repository locally on the computer. (Make sure you have git installed)
Download the repository using “git clone” command:
git clone <repository url>
In this case <repository url>: https://github.com/dagolovach/super-duper-octo-enigma.git
We can get into the directory using “cd super-duper-octo-enigma” and check the “git status“:
$ cd super-duper-octo-enigma $ git status On branch main Your branch is up to date with 'origin/main'. nothing to commit, working tree clean
On branch main – currently there is just one main branch
Your branch is up to date with ‘origin/main’ – local copy is synced with remote verion
I am going to create a simple python file and use it as an example to demonstrate Merge Conflicts and Resets.
Merge/Pull/Push Conflicts
Initial version of the file:
Changing file locally:
if __name__ == "__main__":
print("Hello World!!!")
Changing file on GitHub (mimic changes made by another person working on the same file):
Note: I am changing the same line of the code.
So now we have changed local file and changed GitHub file.
$ git status On branch main Your branch is up to date with 'origin/main'. Changes not staged for commit: (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed) (use "git restore <file>..." to discard changes in working directory) modified: test_file.py no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
If we try to commit changes and push our version to the GitHub, here is what we got:
I am using “git pull” to get remote changes => Merge Conflict.
Here is how file looks like in case of Merge Conflict (it was modified by git itself):
Between “<<<<<<< HEAD” and “=======” – my local changes
Between “=======” and “>>>>>>> 470d032038c366c6b2b63af3b59ca2ee89033307” – remote version
470d032038c366c6b2b63af3b59ca2ee89033307 – commit hash
How to fix it: just decide which version should be as a final result, remove all git information and push changes again:
$ git commit -am 'fix merge conflicts' [main 70e431a] fix merge conflicts $ git push Enumerating objects: 10, done. Counting objects: 100% (10/10), done. Delta compression using up to 16 threads Compressing objects: 100% (6/6), done. Writing objects: 100% (6/6), 586 bytes | 586.00 KiB/s, done. Total 6 (delta 3), reused 0 (delta 0) remote: Resolving deltas: 100% (3/3), completed with 2 local objects. To https://github.com/dagolovach/super-duper-octo-enigma.git 470d032..70e431a main -> main
As a result – all files are synced:
Git Log and Reset
Another useful git command is “git log“, which gives you a history of all of your commits on that repository:
Using the commit hash we can revert back to a previous commit using “git reset” command:
- git reset –hard <commit hash> reverts your code to exactly how it was after the specified commit
- git reset –hard origin/master reverts your code to the version currently stored online on Github
$ git reset --hard 8a56e06f9b8f3d9cdcbec95e476b6412d3651cca
HEAD is now at 8a56e06 Add 2 exclamation marks
$ cat test_file.py
if __name__ == "__main__":
print("Hello World!!!")
$ git status
On branch main
Your branch is behind 'origin/main' by 7 commits, and can be fast-forwarded.
(use "git pull" to update your local branch)
nothing to commit, working tree clean
If you want to push commits behind (not a good idea) use “git push -f“
